Power And Leadership Influence On Leadership Essay

Name: Course: Tutor: Date: Power and Leadership Influence Introduction Leadership has been a topic that has been researched for a long time in many disciplines. Leadership as a personality focuses on the characteristics of an individual that gives them power to act as leaders. There is leadership as an attribution this approach views leadership as phenomenon that causes group of followers to have outcomes.(Wu et al, 2010, 90).Researchers have used the following approaches to study leadership; they are mainly trait, behavior, power influence, situation and integrative approaches. Trait approaches focuses on the characteristics, values, skill and personality of leaders. Behavior approaches is focused on the leaders behaviors, differentiating between the behavior of ineffective and effective leaders. Integrative approach combines all the approaches to have a holistic picture of the process, outcomes and determinants of leadership. The approach that this paper uses is situational approach that is not leader centered but more on the significance of the con text as an influence of leadership. Leaders should be able to choose the leadership quality appropriate to a particular situation. Is the use of power and leadership influence contingent on situational contexts? Fielder’s contingency theory argues the effectiveness of a leader is contingent to leader ship style and the extent the leadership situation gives him or her influence and control over outcomes.Show MoreRelatedLeadership : The Power Of Influence1512 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership: The Power of Influence The power of influence is perhaps one of the greatest intangibles of communication. Influence is a force with incalculable degrees of power. The verb â€Å"influence†, by itself, describes an action that can only be seen as a result from an entirely separate action. 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Primitive Roots Essay Example For Students

Primitive Roots Essay Primitive Roots?Does our primitive nature come back to us if we are in need of it or is allforgotten about are primitive background? In William Goldings novel Lordof the Flies such a situation occurs. These results also are seen later inthe story when almost everyone has turned wild. In the selected sectionof this book from pages forty-eight and forty-nine, Jack shows how theprimitive roots of are ancestors can easily resurface. From this section thereader can identify that the wild or primitive side of man can easily comeback to those who need it or just happen to stumble on it. At this point in the passage Jack is hunting a pig in the forest all alone. First there is when the author writes He closed his eyes, raised his headand breathed in gently with flared nostrils, assessing the current of warmair for information. This is just one of the thought less, primitivethings Jack does while hunting the pig. The reason it is thought less isbecause a current of warm air does not hold any information for a man, butfor an animal it would. Next the reader can recognize that he is becomingmore wild like when the author describes the way Jack is sitting Thendog-like, uncomfortably on all fours yet unheeding his discomfort, Nonormal boy or girl would do something that made them hurt if they didntknow it would. Finally it is recognized that Jack is almost totally ananimal when this quote is read Jack himself shrank at this cry with a hissof indrawn breath, and for a minute became less a hunter than a furtivething, ape-like among the tangle of trees. This last quote shows thereader that Jack was becoming like the animal that we probably descended from. Category: Book Reports

To Cope, He Buries Himself In Work And Strenuous Exercises Ragtime Essay Example For Students

To Cope, He Buries Himself In Work And Strenuous Exercises Ragtime Essay In the classic E.L. Doctorow novel, Ragtime, we see the juxtaposition of many motifs to represent Doctorows view of the early century. By combining history and fiction Doctorow allows himself to write a semi-accurate interpretation of the early 1900s while also being able to strongly express his own biases and opinions of the era. The biggest, and perhaps most important theme Doctorow applies in the novel is social tension, or the battle of the rich versus the poor. Other important themes include rebirth, racial tension, and high randomness of events. By using these themes and others, movie makers created a film, which they believe best represents Doctorows views. We will write a custom essay on To Cope, He Buries Himself In Work And Strenuous Exercises Ragtime specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It is apparent that Doctorow clearly favors the poor, lower class, in their struggle for economic and social mobility against the few, rich, upper class citizens. Doctorows thoughts are best depicted through the novels characters. Tateh, Coalhouse Walker and Sarah are all characters who are portrayed as good. These characters, while representing a wide range of economic success, all symbolize socially challenged individuals. Throughout the novel, Doctorow always chooses these or similar types of characters to be the protagonists. Doctorow wants the reader to feel for Coalhouses situation. He wants the reader to hope that Willie Conklin is harmed and the Model T Ford is repaired. On the other hand, Doctorow tells a different tale for the economic elite, upper echelon of society, represented by J.P. Morgan and Henry Ford. Morgan is presented as a snobbish old man, who always gets his way, and we are supposed to feel no remorse for him when his museum is broken int!o. We, the readers, a re inclined to agree with Doctorows opinion only because that is the way he planned it. Doctorow did not touch on any negative aspects of Coalhouse Walkers actions, such as innocent firemen that he killed, and their families, perhaps, because this might sway the readers belief as to Coalhouses innocence. The film, Ragtime, does support Doctorows social tension beliefs, however it leaves more things open for the reader to decide. For example the book gives the impression that Coalhouse is killing the racist bad firemen. The movie shows him shooting and blowing up firemen, who perhaps could be good people. The concept of rebirth is used liberally by Doctorow. Doctorow commonly has a character go through a major transmogrification, or rebirth. This rebirth ordinarily happens when moving from one social class to another. Tateh, Houdini, Coalhouse, and mothers younger brother and clearly are examples of these rebirths. When Tateh goes from being a poor street peddler to a rich movie maker, he goes through a transformation. Tateh starts dressing and acting a lot differently, perhaps also forgetting his Jewish heritage and 5000 years of oppression. Houdinis alteration is greater than Tatehs. Houdini goes from a not so well off family to a rich and famous escape artist. Through this social change, Houdini changes his Jewish name Erich Weiss to a more appropriate Christian name of Harry Houdini. As well as changing his name, Houdini also seemed to forget his background. However, later in the novel we find out that Houdini did in fact not forget his heritage. He just cha!nged his name as a car eer move. Coalhouse Walkers rebirth is much more dramatic and swift than Tatehs or Houdinis. Coalhouse goes from a fine upstanding citizen to a disgruntled man, caught at the end of a racist prank, and out for revenge. At one point, He sat down with a sheet over his shoulder and permitted one of the young men to shave his head and his neat mustache. The change in him was striking, (). This symbolic and actual rebirth occurs as Coalhouse moves from being a wealthy prominent musician to a fugitive on the run. Mothers younger brother also goes through a rebirth. His rebirth involves going from a wealthy family to a fugitive gang. Because of this social change, Doctorow has mothers younger brother go through a rebirth as well. This was in the form of him putting black makeup on his face to fit in with Coalhouses black gang. All four of these examples express Doctorows opinion that in order to go through a social change, one must go

Death of a Salesman Essays

Death of a Salesman Essays Death of a Salesman Essay Death of a Salesman Essay was therefore quite a radical challenge to make at the time, as unlike nowadays, people did not constantly self-analyse on a national and individual level. The dream is the villain of the play. Willys desperate nocturnal attempt to grow vegetables in the garden further compounds to this idea, as it signifies not only his shame at not being able to provide for his family, but also symbolises the concept that pursuing the dream is a fruitless affair altogether. Consequently, if the American Dream is the villain, Willy Loman cannot be deemed a typical tragic hero because it is the society he lives in that predetermines his downfall from the very beginning. Some critics have even gone as far as saying that Death of a Salesman cannot be deemed a true tragedy because of this, but rather a social drama 8 according to Brenda Murphy. This is because it is questionable as to whether Willy Loman has any control over his destiny at all, as although he is in command of his body and actions, the American Dream has polluted his mind to such an extent that he can barely grasp reality. Indeed, his frequent hallucinations at inappropriate moments emphasise this: Pull myself together! What the hell did I say to him? My God, I was yelling at him! Also, Miller often uses language through out the play to foreshadow Willys death: these arch supports are killing me , tired to death etc. It is almost as if Willy is predicting his own ends; he is precariously ready to drop or give up on life throughout many sections of the play. This self-pity is not an admirable quality and is therefore more befitting to a victim than a tragic hero. Interestingly, another interpretation of Willys character is that he is a tragic villain. This is because he selfishly disregards the dreams of his family in order to fulfil his own. Biff, for example, is not a businessman at heart and is content with the simple necessities of life (Why am I trying to become what I dont want to be? ). However, his father constantly makes him feel guilty about this and frequently refers to him as a lazy bum. Also, in declining Charleys job offer Willy Loman casts his familys needs aside because it does not live up to his ideal job. Although the term villain may be a bit harsh, it is certainly true that the shortcomings of his personality make Willy a harder character to sympathise with than Sophocless Oedipus for example. In this way he could be considered neither a hero nor a victim, because a tragic victim generally needs to arouse high compassion amongst audiences. To conclude, it seems as if the character of Willy Loman is most accurately described as an anti-hero. This is because, although he is the protagonist of the play, he lacks many of the traditional qualities of a true tragic hero; Miller has subverted this stereotype in creating Willy Loman. More importantly however, audiences would certainly not wish t to be like him in any way, although there are undoubtedly aspects of Willys personality that we can relate to. As Joyce Carol Oates suggests: For all his delusions and intellectual limitations Willy Loman is all of us. Or, rather, we are Willy Loman, particularly those of us who are writers, poets, dreamers; the yearning soul way out there in the blue. 1 Nevertheless, Willy does still possess some of the attributes of Aristotles typical tragic hero as previously mentioned, which means he cannot be considered a total victim either. The only certainty is that critics will continue to ponder over Willy Lomans character for years to come. Bibliography: 1. ) Oates, Joyce Carol. Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, Michigan Quarterly Review, Fall 1998. 2. ) Moss, Leonard. Arthur Miller, 1967. 3. ) Salitt, D. The Character of Willy Loman, 2000. 4. ) Swietek, F. Death of a Salesman: Tragedy? , 2003. 5. ) Carson, Neil. Arthur Miller, New York Grove Press,1982. 6. ) Miller, Arthur. Tragedy and the Common Man, 1949. 7. ) Adams, James Truslow. Epic of America, 1931. 8. ) Murphy, Brenda. The Tradition of Social Drama,1997.

A Study on Legal Position of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) in Urban Development

A Study on Legal Position of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) in Urban Development Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is one of the main features of urban area, which is always considered by urban planners. This issue has become as one of the major bases of urban development policy in Iran within the past recent years and been emphasized through the framework of several urban development plans. Therefore, a fundamental view in this regard is mandatory. The most important achievement of the current century in the field of urban development is considering citizens rights and qualitative aspects in this regard. Non-professional interference such as selling excessive FAR and uncontrolled and unplanned developments, especially for housing purposes in most major cities without considering the variability and difference of urban lands and merely for achieve earning for municipality and profitability of a limited group of investors have occurred, which resulted in a decrease in urban environment quality and lack of sustainability in the field of security, health and comfort of citizen s in environmental fields. Whereas effect of tall buildings on urban area and citizens in terms of physical, economic, social, urban development, etc. is undeniable, therefore, special focus on urban development laws is required. The purpose of this study includes recognizing effecting urban laws relating to FAR and controlling urban development through examining laws on FAR and tall building construction in some sample countries across the Globe, to identify variable and suitable solutions using global experiences. Eventually, through studying Tehran and New York, as two modern cities with roughly similar conditions and comparing the laws and manner to face issues of urban development and FAR, we understand the level of success of each in this regard and what are more suitable solutions. Study method in this article is combined, in a way that using research method and documented and library base studies, the relevant information is collected and further examined using quantitative and qualitative method. Introduction Almost all developed and developing countries face serious problems due to rapid and vertical growth of cities during the recent decades. The issues of this phenomenon not only extensively affected urban development policies, but also its consequences played a major role in economic, social, political, managerial and environmental issues of the societies. Concerns on this phenomenon caused that the developed countries, especially upon WWII, take certain measures to solve or control this crisis. The main bases of these measures include policies on tall building construction, mass development, changing taxation laws, enactment of land laws for optimized usage, improvement and renovation of old and central urban areas, plan on preparing lands of new locations, developing new cities, and above all, policy on increasing population density and FAR of cities. Through reviewing many of these polices, the undeniable role of FAR component in forming and physical aspect and form of the city may be perceived. In these plans, FAR is determined considering population expected for the plan horizon and urban development and urban region policies as well as considering environmental capacities, services and infra-structural urban installations and social, economic, and cultural characteristics. Therefore, focusing the important role of housing in the city and urban planning, focusing position of FAR in projects, its role and importance in urban area organization and factors and criteria affecting the same and legal discussion in this regard are essential. Various existing limitations in a city results in limitations to admitting population for that city and its suburbs, while due to the same reason, the regulations on level of permitted construction in urban development plans is known and therefore, the owners are prohibited to construct excessive building considering their construction permits. Study Purpose Identifying factors affecting FAR Clarifying FAR concept as urban development tool for housing projects Study Questions What are the effective criteria to determine FAR? Can the criteria effective in modern urban design be achieved through considering common legal aspects of FAR in the studied countries? Study Method Whereas this article is of analytical, quantitative and qualitative nature and collecting data has been fulfilled through research method and documented and library studies, which have further been studied, therefore, the study method in this article is of combined type. Position of FAR in Urban Development Fundamentals: In general, the concept of density in the urban planning literature in the context of land use planning under the category of zoning regulations is the subject dealt with the spatial distribution of elements, functions and activities in urban areas. (Flame, Urban Management Quarterly, 2008, p. 36). Concentration in urban design also has a great effect on all three aspects of the artifact environment, its function, its form and meaning. This effect is achieved through the level of user activity in the functional dimension, and the methods for controlling the volume, height and spacing of buildings, in the dimension of the form through the dimensions of performance and in the semantic dimension and artifact environment. Height: The height of buildings as one of the contiguous variables on FAR is one of the most important factors in organizing urban landscape. This criterion, in proportion to the number of building floors, is a more precise control tool that should be designed with regard to adjacent buildings and street features. The impact of building height on creating a sense of space enclosure is significant. The sense of being enclosed in space is essentially based on the relation between the eye distance from the height of the enclosing body of space. Building Mass and Volume: This is one of the other criteria controlling FAR, which plays an important role in urban form and view. This criterion focuses controlling volume and distribution of superstructure on ground area. Scale: It is one of the other variables dependent on density, which is a complex, multi-faceted and relative measure. So that it can be a mixture of the main criteria such as mass and volume, height, gradient etc. In this way, the effects of building density on the physical dimension are more pronounced. Disturbance in physical spaces and urban form and landscape is one of the negative consequences of increasing construction density. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) This is the ratio of the total infrastructure construction of a fragment to the total area of that piece. (Zo Eshtyagh, 1998.4) The index of construction density is shown as a percentage. The effects of increasing the density on the urban form include spatial skew, a cultural organization, mass and space. The effects of increasing density on urban landscape are as follows: Height line, bonding of the walls, scale, granularity, hemisphericity of buildings. Therefore, if increased construction density, without comprehensive planning, can cause disturbances in the citys space and body. The formation of the physical composition of urban bodies, without consideration of qualitative and quantitative aspects, will lead to the creation of discrete and unconnected urban areas and disparate and disproportionate towers. This is clearly visible in housing projects. Factors effective in Categorization Determine the density in each area according to its type of operation Determine the amount of land needed for important urban functions such as trade, industry, residential sector and other urban activities (Shokouti, 1994, p. 343) The height of buildings, the dimensions of segments, the street width, the supply area and the number of buildings in each building The location and capacity of the lines of installations and main streets (Zyari, 2009, p. 67) The theory of determinism (ecology) of the city, considering its size and population density and high buildings, causes the mental and emotional disturbances of the citizens, which in turn undermine social relations, Superficial, apparent, and so on. But combinators claim that ecological factors do not play an effective role in social relationships, and that differences in social behavior of individuals derive from their own characteristics and characteristics. Sub-cultural theory synthesizes two earlier theories that are more consistent with the reality of urban life. The existence of complications from various subcultures under conditions of consolidation can have the same strong links and sincere connections in urban areas and, in some cases, an abnormal phenomenon. In high-rise buildings, in addition to the effects of ecological factors, non-ecological issues also play a major role. In addition to numerous global experiences, research conducted in Iran, mainly composed of academ ic work.

CoverGirl Cosmetics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

CoverGirl Cosmetics - Research Paper Example ed by any organization would influence the financial ratios and therefore business objectives would also be reflected in the financial ratios of the organization. For instance, if an organization is expanding its business and trying to improve its profitability then the financial ratios would reflect an improvement in profit margin, operating margin as well as other ratios that are used to measure the productivity and profitability of the company. Three most important ratios for organizations are operating margin, net profit margin and total assets turnover. CoverGirl Cosmetics is the company selected for this report and as the company is a business unit of Procter and Gamble therefore financial statement of P&G’s beauty division has been used to calculate the financial ratios. In order to calculate the industry average ratios; two firms have been selected besides CoverGirl Cosmetics and these firms are Revlon and L’oreal. The following table shows the important financial figures required to calculate three

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Art History - Essay Example Plate with Peony Design and Dish with String of Camellias were both plates. These two pieces of ceramic came from the Arita region Saga Prefecture, Japan. Plate with Peony Design is dated to approximately 1650-1700 A.D. The Dish with String of Camellias is dated around fifty years later at approximately 1700-1750 A.D. The Plate with Peony Design caught my eye, because of the bold colors. The background is of mustard yellow, with slightly darker yellow swirls. On this background green leaves are accentuated with dark maroon peony flowers. There is no white, only a vivid amount of darker colors, devoid of any hint of pastel. Generally a pattern or representation of flowers is delicate, but this plate was strong and bold. One could definitely see the Japanese influence. In contrast, the Dish with String of Camellias has a white background. Camellias encircle the outside of this plate, but do not touch by making a full circle. A blue chord connecting the flowers covers a little more than half of the plate. The flowers are detailed, especially the orange and white striped blooms. The camellias are also solid orange, a drab yellow, white, and blue. Once again you can see the Japanese influence by a strong depiction of the flowers. The contrast between the two plates is dramatic. While Plate with Peony Design is covered with strong background color, Dish with String of Camellias’ background is white. Whereas the Plate with Peony Design has a crowded, almost blurry design, Dish with String of Camellias has detailed flowers in order. The reason for these drastically different appearances is the plates are of different wares. Plate with Peony Design is a Kokutani ware. These wares were known for there over glazed enamels. Kokutani wares were made during the period this piece was made, so can be defined as such. Kokutani wares were made with dark reds, greens, and yellows. These are the same colors making up this plate. In